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Users and Uses
NPTS – A COMPENDIUM OF USES 2. Congestion ·
Travel Time
Issues/Congestion 3. Environment ·
Elderly 7. Bike and Pedestrian Studies 8. Trend Analysis and Market
Segmentation ·
Policy ·
Mobility ·
Survey ·
Others
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TRAFFIC SAFETY Historically, NPTS
has been a primary source of data (along with the Fatal Accident Reporting
System –FARS) to compute accident rates, analysis of travel risk, alcohol
involvement etc. General Estimates System (GES) and the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System (FARS), do not contain information on driver or vehicle exposure. In
order to obtain appropriate exposure data
estimates of vehicle miles driven (VMD) by different drivers using the
NPTS are combined with annual crash rates and injury severity information from
the GES for a comprehensive assessment of overall risk to different drivers
across vehicle classes. Some of the uses
shown in the appendix are highlighted here: ·
The use
of 1977 NPTS along with data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) to
examine travel risks of males vs. females by age group. Similarly, the 1983
NPTS was used in conjunction with the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS),
driver’s license files and population surveys to calculate alcohol involvement
rates in fatal crashes. ·
The use
of NPTS to determine whether the presence of passengers is associated with an
increased risk of crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers and whether the
risk varies by time of day and age and sex of drivers and passengers. ·
The use
of 1990 NPTS in conjunction with crash data from the Fatal Accident Reporting
System (FARS) and the 1990 General Estimates System (GES) to produce crash
involvement rates per vehicle-mile.
Similarly, the 2001 NHTS data were used to estimate exposure for
pedestrians in a fatality risk assessment. ·
Development
of Survey Frame for Field Operational test: The use of 2001 NHTS data to
develop sample recruitment (representative sample of drivers) to conduct a
field operational test using passenger vehicles equipped with two automotive
technologies. Traffic Safety Academia 1983 Mortimer, R. G., Fell, Mortimer, R. G., and Fell, J. C. Older
Drivers: Their Night J.
C. Fatal Crash Involvement and Risk. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Volume 21, number 3. June 1989. 1983 Fell, J. C. Fell, J. C. Alcohol Involvement Rates in
Fatal Crashes: A Focus on Young Drivers and Female Drivers.
American Association for Automotive Medicine:
Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference, New Orleans,
Louisiana. September 1987. 1990 Massie, D. L. et.al Massie, D. L., Campbell, K. L., and
Williams, A. F. Involvement Rates by Driver Age and Gender
Based on the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey. HS-041 722. University of Michigan. Ann
Arbor. 1993. 1990 Robert B. Schultz, Relationships Between Highway Accident
Involvement and Auburn
University Exposure Characteristics of Elderly
Alabama Automobilt Drivers.
October 1991. 1990 Massie, D. L. and Massie, D. L. and Campbell, K. L. Analysis of Accident Campbell,
K. L Rates by Age, Gender, and Time-of-Day
Based on the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey. UMTRI-93-7. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1993. 1995 Young-Jun Kweon, Kara Y Kweon, K. M. Kockelman. Overall Injury
Risk M.
Kockelman To Different Drivers: Combining Exposure,
Frequency, And Severity Models. Accident Analysis and
Prevention 35 (2003) 441–450. 1995 Lee, B.H.; Schofer, J.L Lee, B.H.; Schofer, J.L. Restraint Use and
Age and Sex Characteristics of Persons Involved in
Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes. Department of Civil Engineering,
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. November 13,
2002. 1995 Gabor, K. and Baker, S. Gabor, K. and Baker, S. P. John Hopkins University press P. release June 1998. 1995 Chen LH, Baker SP, Chen LH, Baker SP, Braver ER, Li GH.
Carrying Braver
ER, Li GH. Passengers as A Risk Factor For Crashes
Fatal to 16 and 17 Year-Old Drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association. 283: (12) 1578-1582, March
22, 2000. Federal
(DOT) 1977 Carsten, O. Carsten, O. Use of the Nationwide Personal
Transportation Study to Calculate Exposure. Highway Safety Research Institute Research Review, Volume 11.
Number 6. Highway Safety Research Institute. May 1981. 1983 NHTSA Rudolph G. Mortimer (University of
Illinois) and James C. Fell (NHTSA). Older Drivers: Their Night Fatal Crash Involvement and Risk. 32nd Annual Proceedings. Association for the Advancement Of
Automotive Medicine, Seattle, WA, September 12-14, 1998. 1990 U.S. Department of U.S. DOT. What do Traffic Crashes Transportation. Cost? DOT HS 808 478.
January 1996. 1990 Blatt, J. and Furman, S. Blatt, J. and Furman, S. M. Residence Location of Drivers M. Involved in Fatal Crashes. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1990 NHTSA NHTSA.
Female Drivers in Fatal Crashes: Recent Trends. September 1993, Washington D.C. 1995 Campbell, KL; Joksch, Campbell, KL; Joksch, HC; Blower, D;
Kostyniuk, LP; HC;
Blower, D; Pendleton, OJ; Griffin, LI, III. Sources
Of Exposure Kostyniuk,
Lp; Pendleton, Data For Safety Analysis. University of
Michigan OJ; Griffin, LI, III Transp Research Institute Texas Transportation Institute Federal Highway Administration .
UMTRI-96-17. 1996. 1995 Cerrelli, E. C., NHTSA Cerrelli, E. C. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation. January 1998. 1995 NHTSA, Research Note Crash Data and Rates for Age-Sex Groups of
Drivers, 1996; National Center for Statistics and
Analysis, Washington D.C., January 1998. 2001 Butler Maura, NHTSA NHTSAs Standard Breifing Package for Older
Drivers 1990 Cerrelli, E. C. Cerrelli, E. C. Crash Data and Rates for
Age-Sex Groups of Drivers, 1990. HS-041 357.
National Center for Statistics and Analysis. National Highway Traffic
Administration. May 1992. Federal
(Non DOT) 2001 Beverly Ross, GAO Report to Congress Summarizing Literature
on Accident Causation Research
Entities 2001 Chu, Xuehao, CUTR Chu, Xuehao. A Time-Based Comparative
Approach to Understanding the Danger of Walking in the
United States. Center for Urban Transportation Research,
University of South Florida. July 2003. 1983 International Technical Affairs, MVMA 1990 Baltes, M. R Baltes, M. R. Descriptive Analysis of
Crashes Involving Pedestrians in Florida 1990 - 1994. Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of
South Florida. 1990 Insurance Institute for Crash Problem on a Per Mile Basis. Status
Report.Insurance Highway
Safety Institute for Highway Safety September 5,
1992 1995 Committee on School Committee on School Transportation Safety.
The Relative Transportation
Safety Risks of School Travel: A National
Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk
Assessment. Transportation Research Board, National
Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington
D.C. July 2002. 1995 Transportation Research Transportation Research Board. The
Relative Risks of Board School Travel: A National Perspective and
Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment. Committee on School Transportation Safety, Transportation
Research Board Special Report 269, 2002. 2001 Flores-Guri, Daniel. CAFE Standards, Vehicle Size and Highway
Fatalities. Skidmore College. 2003. Congestion
Travel Behavior
Travel Model
Travel Time Issues/Congestion
Commuting
Economy/Sprawl
CONGESTION NPTS data are
widely used across the nation to analyse travel behavior, build travel models,
commuting, travel time, mobility,
economy and sprawl issues. Travel Behavior ·
1990 NPTS data were
used to examine trip duration and frequency in comparison to activity duration
and frequency to show arguments in favor or activity based models. ·
1990 NPTS travel data
were used to justify a non-motorized transportation plan in Pierce County based
on the large percentage of trips of five miles or less. ·
NPTS data were used to
examine the relationship between land-use patterns and individual mobility from
a comparative international perspective. ·
NPTS data provided
evidence to show that in U.S. cities suburbanization has been the dominant and
successful mechanism for coping with traffic congestion. Suburbanization has
shifted road and highway demand to less-congested routes and away from core
areas, leading to contained areawide average speeds. Travel
Model ·
NPTS data were used to
examine the travel behavior and related characteristics of multiworker
households (MWHs) (defined as households with at least two workers) and how
they contribute to the ever-increasing demand for transportation services. ·
1995 NPTS data were
used for empirical estimation of model parameters in developing a model of
prework trip making and home departure time choice. ·
The 2001 NHTS data
were used to examine the full range of travel characteristics which were used
as a comparison to Florida travel statistics. ·
NPTS and NHTS are
considered as data sources for forecasting future travel and land needs. ·
Many metropolitan
planning organizations across the United States have embraced transit-oriented
development (TOD) as their regional planning paradigm. ·
NPTS (No specified
year) data were used to provide time-of-day travel data by trip purpose as well
as information on peak travel. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used to investigate the influence of workplace employment density and
share of retail employment on VMT to assess personal commercial activities. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used to expand the Connecticut Department of Transportation’s person
forecasting model to estimate peak period link volumes. ·
Vehicle Miles of
Travel Data were used from previous NPTS
and the 2001 NHTS as the basis for predicting several input components for
modeling and forecasting future VMT. Travel time issues/congestion ·
The 1969 and 2001 NHTS
data were used to show that there has been an increase in discretionary travel. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used to support the argument that a disproportionate amount of emphasis is
being placed on the reduction of work trips and on fixed rail. ·
1990, 1983, and 1977
NPTS surveys were used to make the case that suburbanization has been the most
successful factor in alleviating traffic congestion. ·
1990 NPTS was used to
show that traffic congestion is getting worse as a result of the increase in
travel as well as other factors such as the change in household structure.
People are working much more over the last 40 years, shopping somewhat more on
the weekends, and staying at home less. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used to examine the effects of adding road capacity by increasing travel
speed as it relates to discretionary and non-discretionary activities of
workers and nonworkers. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used in a Transportation Research Board Special Report to show that motorists
receive free parking for 99% of all motor trips. This report suggests that
charging motorists for the use of roads should be considered to help alleviate
traffic congestion. Commuting ·
1983 and 1977 NPTS
surveys were used to examine peak travel times. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used to establish the average one way commute distance in the U.S. and
also the daily per capita PMT for people between 21 and 65 years of age. ·
1990 NPTS was used to
examine transit service levels, travel and parking behavior in the U.S., and
the effect of parking regulation by cities. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used to estimate the effects of transit service and parking charges on commuter
mode choice. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used for analysis purposes in terms of traffic demand management which
attempts to improve air quality,
mobility and reduce congestion. ·
Analyzing the
1983-1990 growth of almost 40% in U.S. vehicle miles traveled (VMT), Pisarski
shows that much of it is accounted for by a 35.9% jump in average vehicle trip
lengths (the other contributors being population growth, decline in vehicle
occupancy, mode shifts to privately operated vehicles, and increased trips per
capita). Yet, most of the work trip VMT
growth was explained by the almost 27% growth in average distance traveled
(from 8.6 to 10.9 miles, one-way). In spite of this and depending on how the
data are aggregated, average work trip durations either fell slightly or grew
by much smaller percentages than distances. Either way, there were significant
increases in average trip speeds. This casts doubt on reports of worsening
congestion, such as those emanating from the Texas Transportation Institute
(TTI). Economy/Sprawl ·
Based
on indirect experience that the largest MSAs have the largest portion of
noncentral city work ends, the author associated a variety of work trips with a
polycentric urban form thesis. They
claim that a decentralized settlement pattern is not necessarily uneconomical. Travel Behavior Academia 1999 Levinson, DM. Levinson, DM. Space, Money, Life-Stage,
and Allocation of Time. Journal: Transportation. Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 141 -171. May, 1999. 1995 Niemeier,D Niemeier,D;
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Variations in Long-Distance Travel. Transportation Research Circular. Pages 197-206. March 2001. 1969 and Charles
Lave Charles Lave. University of California,
Irvine. The Spread of the Automobile Demon - What Can We
Do? February 1990. 1969
and Charles Lave Charles Lave. University of California,
Irvine. State and National VMT Estimates: It Ain't Necessarily So. February 1990. 1977,
1983, Gordon, P; Richardson, Gordon, P; Richardson,
HW. Congestion Trends In HW Metropolitan Areas. Transportation
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May-June 1998. 1995 Niemeier, D. et.al. Niemeier, D. Redmond, L. Morey, J. Hicks, J. Hendren, P. Lin, J. Foresman, E. Zheng Y.
Redefining Conventional Wisdom: An Exploration of Auto Ownership
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Conference, June 28 - July 1, 1999. 1995 Genevieve Giuliano and Genevieve Giuliano and Dhiraj
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October 2003 1995 Richardson, AJ; Richardson, AJ; Seethaler, RK. Estimating
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237-254 1995 Thakuriah, P; Virmani, D; Thakuriah, P; Virmani, D; Yun, S;
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255-269 1995 Lleras, G.C.; Simma, A. Lleras, G.C.; Simma, A; Ben-Akiva, M.E.;
Schafer, A.; Axhausen, K.W.; Furutani, T. Fundamental Relationships Specifying Travel Behavior - An
International Survey Comparison. Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge. November 14, 2002. 1995 Pucher, J. Evans, T. and Pucher,
J; Evans, T; Wenger, J. Socioeconomics Of Wenger,
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3. pp 15-33 Consultant 1990 Weiner, E. Weiner, E.
Urban Transportation Planning in the United States - An Historical Overview. Office of Economics, U.S. Department of Transportation. November 1992. 1990 Nancy McGuckin Factors that Fuel Growth in Travel. Based on the NPTS. 1995 Zmud, JP; Arce, CH. Zmud, JP; Arce, CH. Influence of Consumer Culture and Race on Travel Behavior. Transportation
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September 1994. 1990 Joanne H. Pratt Homebased Work and Travel. Joanne H.
Pratt. Statement of Work. Federal
(DOT) 1990 Pisarski, A. E. Pisarski, A. E. New Perspectives in Commuting. FHWA- PL-92-026.
Office of Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration. July 1992 1995 FHWA, US DOT "NPTS data confirm that Reliance on
Private Vehicle Travel Often Reflects the Need to Make Stops on the
Way to and from Work" Highway Information Update
by Office of Highway Information Management, November
24, 1997 MPO 1995 Daivamani Sivasailam Estimating Impacts of Transportation
Control Measures on Jon Williams Work-Related
Trips" Daivamani Sivasailam and Jon Williams, MWCOG, Washington D.C., Transportation
Research Record 1518, 1998. 1990 Gregg Scott, Wasatch Gregg Scott, Wasatch Front Regional
Council. Comparing Front
Regional Council Work Trip Trends from Census, AHS, and
NPTS Newspaper 1990 Wall Street Journal Odds and Ends. Wall Street Journal,
October 19, 1992. Page B1. 1990 Hannah Holmes Telecommuting. In Garbage April/May 1993 Other
transportation 1977 Traffic Audit Bureau Assorted topics including Publications No.
111, 112. "The economy keeps looking up - sales
of minivans" "Are we solving the commuting
problem" "Working Women" Research
Entities 2001 The Road Information Designing
Roadways to Safely Accommodate the Program. Increasingly Mobile Older Driver: A Plan to Allow Older Americans to Maintain their Independence 1990 Ball, W. L. et. Al Ball, W. L., York, M. P., Dieringer, S.,
and Hartmann, M. Demographic & Commuting Trends in
Florida. Center for Urban Transportation Research, University
of South Florida. February 1994. 1990 American Demographics "Alone in the Road." Brad
Edmondson, Editor in Chief, American Demographics. June 1994. 1995 Cleland, F. Cleland, F. Carpooling Statistics: It’s all a matter of perspective. TDM Review. Volume 7, Issue
3. Association for
Commuter Transportation. October, 1999. Economy/Sprawl Academia 1977 USCA "The Cost of Urban Sprawl - Some new
evidence" P. Gordon, H.L Wong. School of Urban & Regional Planning
& Department of Civil Engineering, USCA Federal
(DOT) 1990 Pisarski, A. E. Pisarski, A. E. Transportation Investment
and Metropolitan Economic Development: A Reconnaissance of
Research Availability and Requirements. Presented at the Effects Of Added Transportation Capacity
Conference. December 16 & 17, 1991. 1990 Jim March, FHWA Informational, see brief description. Environment
ENVIRONMENT NPTS data are widely used in many contexts. The state of the practice in emission factor modeling relies heavily on default parameters imbedded in the models. A methodology was developed to derive vehicle activity parameters (such as starts distribution, fraction of VMT, trip length distribution, soak time distributions and VMT mix distribution) from NHTS. Sensitivity analysis of the MOBILE6 model with respect to these derived inputs were conducted. When inputs derived from travel surveys are compared with MOBILE6 default inputs; wide variations in the inputs are observed. ·
Similarly, data from
the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) were analyzed to derive soak times. Detailed
analyses were conducted to relate soak time variability to geographic,
trip-purpose, and time-of-day variables. The findings reinforce the prevailing
general guidance on inputs to modeling the emissions from mobile sources. ·
The New
York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) conducted several analyses of
the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) to address issues
raised by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (ENCON),
the state's environmental agency, and the NYSDOT. They were identified during
the development of the Air Quality State Implementation Plan, and related activities, such as creating VMT
inventories, updating ENCON's emission model, and the conformity analyses of
the department's transportation program. ·
The 1995
NPTS data were used to examine household characteristics and travel patterns of
older vehicles in order to identify policies that would be most effective in
mitigating the pollution from this older segment of vehicles. ·
The 1995 NPTS data were used to analyze soak
times in terms of their variability to geographic, trip-purpose, and time of
day variables. ·
NPTS (No specified year) data were used to
distinguish between cold transient and hot transient modes in terms of auto
emissions. The first 505 seconds of
engine operation are considered to be transient mode. Environment/Air
Quality Academia 1995 Dill, J. Dill, J. Older Vehicles and
Air Pollution: Insights from the 1995 NPTS.
Transportation Research Circular E-C026. Pages 491-514. March 2001. 1995 Dill, J. Dill, J. Older Vehicles and Air Pollution: Insights from the 1995 NPTS Department of City and Regional
Planning, University of California, Berkley. Transportation Research Board Conference, June 28 - July 1, 1999. 1990,95 Chatterjee, A. et.al Chatterjee, A. Reddy, P. M., Venigalla, M.
M., and Miller, T. L. Operating Mode Fractions on Urban
Roads Derived by Traffic Assignment. Transportation Research Record 1520. Transportation
Research Board. 1996. 1995 Dill, J Dill, J. Older Vehicles and Air Pollution:
Insights From The 1995 NPTS.
Transportation Research Board . Personal Travel: The
Long and Short of It. Transportation Research Circular. E-C026. 03/2001.
pp 491-514 1995 Bernard III, M. J. Using Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey Data to Indicate Electric Vehicle Market Potential
in Rural Areas. Transportation Research Record 1537. Transportation Research Board, 1996. 1995 Nair, HS; Bhat, CR; Nair, HS; Bhat, CR; Kelly, RJ. Modeling
Soak-Time Kelly,
RJ Distribution Of Trips For Mobile Source Emissions Forecasting: Techniques And Applications. Transportation Research
Board . Transportation Research Record. 2001.
1750. pp 24 1995 Venigalla, MM; Pickrell. Venigalla, MM; Pickrell. DH. Soak Distribution Inputs to DH. Mobile Source Emissions Modeling:
Measurement and Transferability. Transportation Research Record. Issue 1815, pp 63-70. 2002. Federal
(DOT) 1969-1990 Ed
Weiner, OST Transportation, Telecommuting and the
Clean Air Act, Presented at the “Conference on
Telecommuting: A means for implementing Clean Air Objectives in
the Mid-Atlantic Region.” April 1993 1990 NPTS Jerry
Everett, FHWA Jerry Everett and Prasanth Rudrangi. “Emissions Impacts of Using Vehicle Class Distributions by Mode for
TDM Analysis.” April 1995. Research
Entities 2001 NHTS Goldwater
Institute Semmens,
John., "Buses, Trains, and Automobiles: Finding the Right Transportation Mix for the
Phoenix Metro Region" State
DOT 1995 Erlbaum, NS. Erlbaum, NS. Improving Air Quality Models
in New York State: Utility of the 1995 National
Personal Transportation Survey. Transportation Research Circular
E-C026, Pages 515-536. March 2001. 1995 Erlbaum, NS Erlbaum, NS. Improving Air Quality Models
in New York State: Utility of the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. Transportation Research Board.
Personal Travel: The Long and Short of It.
Transportation Research Circular. E-C026. 03//2001. pp
515-536 1995 Erlbaum, N. S. Erlbaum, N. S. Improving Air Quality Models in New York State: Utility of the 1995 National
Personal Transportation Survey.
New York State Department of Transportation, Planning and Strategy Group. Written May
13, 1999 and presented at the Transportation Research
Board Conference, June 28 - July 1, 1999. Energy
Consumption
ENERGY CONSUMPTION ·
NPTS was used as a
reference in preparing the Energy and Transportation Task Force Report. This is
one of seven reports prepared for the President's Council on Sustainable
Development. 1996. ·
1977 NPTS data were
used to estimate the impact of national energy shortages in six different sized
urban areas under numerous future scenarios. ·
The 2001 NHTS data are
considered as a potential candidate for filling a data gap left by the
discontinuation of the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey
(RTECS). ·
One of the important trends observed in the 1990
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data has been the increasing
share of vehicle miles of travel generated by the older vehicle fleet. This is
a product of two factors: the increasing proportion of the fleet that consists
of older vehicles; and the increasing travel activity of these older vehicles. · NPTS data is the fundamental source to examine the characteristics of the vehicle fleet specifically in terms of age, identify the characteristics of the owners of the vehicles in the aging fleet, and describe the ways in which those vehicles are used. Energy Consumption Academia 1977 Hennigan, M. E., and Hennigan, M. E., and Neveu, A. J. A Quick
Assessment of Neveu,
A. J. Local Area Impacts Resulting From National
Energy Shortages.
Transportation Research Record 1049.
Transportation Research Board. 1985. 2001 Chalumuri, S; Venigalla, Chalumuri, S; Venigalla, MM. Methodology
For MM Deriving Vehicle Activity Parameters From Travel Survey Databases.
Transportation Research Board . Transportation
Research Record. /2004. 1880. pp 108-118 2001,
1995 Venigalla, MM; Pickrell, Venigalla, MM; Pickrell,
DH. Soak Distribution DH Inputs to Mobile Source Emissions Modeling: Measurement and Transferability. Transportation Research
Board . Transportation Research Record. /2002.
1815. pp 63 Federal
(Non DOT) 1990 Energy Information Energy Information Administration.
Alternatives to Administration. Traditional Transportation Fuels 1994, Volume 2, Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
DOE/EIA-0585(94)/2. Office
of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels. U.S. Department of Energy.
September 1996. 2001 Dwight K. French. EIA Dwight K. French. Estimating Transportation End-Use Energy Consumption Using the 2001 National
Household Travel Survey. Transportation Research Board
82nd Annual Meeting. Observations on the NHTS. January
12, 2003. 2001 Schipper, Mark A. and Supplementing The 2001 National Household
Travel Survey Pinckney.
Derrick S., With Energy-Related Data. Schipper, Mark
A. and Pinckney. Derrick S., Energy Information
Administration. November 13, 2003. 2001 to 1969 U.S.
Department of U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Efficiency and Energy Renewable Energy Program. "Fact of
the Week: Number of Household Vehicles Has Grown Significantly" Vehicle
Technologies Program, Fact of the Week #301. January 5, 2004. Research
Entities 1990 Natural Resources Natural Resources Defense Council. Keeping
the ‘E’ in Defense
Council. ISTEA - Transportation Energy and the
Federal Role in Conservation. March, 1997. 1990 Church, R., et.al Church, R., Jain, K., Little, C.,
Moavenzadeh, J., and O’Donnell, J. Light Truck Capabilities,
Utility Requirements, and Uses: Implications for Fuel
Economy. HS-808 378. Volpe National Transportation Systems
Center, Economic Analysis Division. April 1996. State
DOT 1995 Erlbaum, NS. Erlbaum, NS. Improving Air Quality Models
in New York State: Utility of the 1995 National
Personal Transportation Survey. Transportation Research Circular
E-C026, Pages 515-536. March 2001. Demographic
Trends
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ·
1990 NPTS was used to
show the trend of increasing vehicle life-span, that travel to work and back
comprises 32.8 percent of all personal driving. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used to update the Duchess County Model as well as to support other
projects and initiatives by the Council. ·
The 2001 NTHS data
were the foundation of a discussion that personal automobile continues to be
the overwhelmingly dominant mode of transporatation among all populations
including the poor, elderly and minorities. ·
The 1995 NPTS survey
was used to examine three specific areas: 1. Growth in personal motor vehicle
travel and the sources of that growth. 2. Changes in the characteristics of household
vehicles. 3. Determinants of household vehicle utilization patterns and demands
for private vehicle use. ·
1995 NPTS data were
used to compare travel characteristics between area types such as urban, second
city, suburban, town and rural. ·
The NPTS data were
used to study the transportation problems of low income American
households. ·
NPTS (No specified
year) data were used to show that the average amount of time men and women
spend behind the wheel of a car each day. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used to examine the affect of population density on vehicle use and ownership. ·
The 1995 NPTS data are
used to examine the household characteristics and travel patterns of light duty
trucks and to question the
appropriateness of the current CAFE standards. ·
The 1969 NPTS and 2001
NHTS data are used to show that the
number of household vehicles in the U.S. has nearly tripled between 1969 and
2001. Demographic Trends Academia 1977, 1990 Pucher,
J; Williams, F Pucher, J; Williams, F. Socioeconomic Characteristics of Urban Travelers: Evidence From the 1990-91 NPTS. Eno
Foundation for Transportation, Incorporated .
Transportation Quarterly. 10/1992 46. 4. pp 561-581 1990 Ferguson, E. Ferguson, E. Demographics of
Carpooling. Transportation Research Record 1496. Transportation Research Board, 1995. 1990 Schimek, P. Schimek, P. Household Motor Vehicle
Ownership and Use: How Much Does Residential Density Matter?
Schimek, P., Transportation Research Record 1552. Transportation Research Board, 1996. 1990 Richard G. Crepeau Richard G. Crepeau. Zero Vehicle Households: Issues of Travel and Housing. School of Social Ecology. University of California at Irvine. Presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research
Board, January 26, 1995. 1995 Pucher, John and Renne, Pucher, John and Renne, John, L.
Socioeconomics of Urban John,
L Travel: Evidence from the 1995 NPTS Survey. 1995 Deb Niemeier et. al. UC, Redefining Conventional Wisdom:
Exploration of Davis Automobile Ownership and Travel Behavior
in the United States. Niemeier,D; Redmond, L; Morey, J;
Hicks, J; Hendren, P; Lin, J; Foresman, E; Zheng,Y. Transportation
Research Circular E-C026, Pages207-219. March 2001. 1995 Pickrell, D; Schimek, P. Pickrell, D; Schimek, P. Growth in Motor
Vehicle Ownership and Use: Evidence from
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. Journal of Transportation Statistics, Vol 2, Issue 1, May 1999. 1995, 2001 Alissa
Gardenhire, "Economic and Socio-Demographic
Influences on Harvard
University Autolessness: Are missing variables
skewing results?" 1995 Delucci, M. A. Delucci, M. A. The Annualized Social Cost of Motor- Vehicle Use in the U.S., Summary of
Theory, Data, Methods, and Results. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis. June
1998. 2001 Pucher, John and Renne, Pucher, John and Renne, John, L.
Socioeconomics of Urban John,
L Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS
Survey.
2001 Hayton, James C. Forecasting the Impact of Telecommuter Rail-Cars
on Modal Choice: A Behavioral Disaggregate Demand
Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, Utah
State University. August 2003. 2001 NHTS Bullard,
Robert D. Bullard, Robert D. New Routes to
Transportation Equity: Why Race Still Matters, A Newsletter of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta
University. Volume 6, Number 1, Fall/Winter 2003 Consultant 1990 Pisarski, AE Pisarski, AE. The Demography of the U.S. Vehicle Fleet: Observations from the NPTS. Chapter 3, Volume III Special Reports On Trip And Vehicle Attributes - 1990 NPTS Special Reports. Federal Highway
Administration . 02/1995. 44p 1995 Mallett, WJ Mallett, WJ. Long-Distance Travel by Low- Income Households. Transportation Research
Board. Personal Travel: The Long and Short
of It. Transportation Research Circular. E-C026.
03/2001. pp 169-177 Federal
(DOT) 1990 Federal Highway Federal
Highway Administration. Cost of Owing & Administration. Operating Automobiles, Vans, and Trucks. FHWA PL 92 019.
U.S. Department of Transportation.
1991. 1990 Lave, C; Crepeau, R Lave, C; Crepeau, R. Travel by Households Without Vehicles. Chapter 1, Volume II Travel Mode Special Reports - 1990 NPTS Special Reports. Federal Highway
Administration . 12/1994. 45p 1990 DOT Today Dominic Nguyen. The Changing Work Force: A new Chapter. DOT Today, Volume 1, No. 2,
November 1991. 1990, 1995 Ruth
Asin Ruth Asin, FHWA. The Graying of America and its Implications For Travel. September 1, 1998. 1995 Highway Information Public Release of 1995 NPTS in September,
FHWA, Office Quarterly of Highway Information Management, Vol 4., No. 3, Sept. 1997. 1995 Highway Information NPTS data confirms reliance on private
vehicle often Quarterly reflects need to make stops on the way to and from work, FHWA, Office of Highway Information
Management, Vol 5., No. 1, March 1998. 1995 Highway Information "Travel Time as a measure of customer
mobility and system Quarterly performance ", FHWA, Office of Highway Information Management, Vol 4., No. 2, June 1997. 1995 Highway Information "Press Conference on Issuance of
Report, Our Nations Quarterly Travel" "1995 NPTS - Low Income Household
Travel", FHWA, Office of Highway Information
Management, Vol 4., No. 4, December 1997. June 1998 Gary
Maring and Nancy "Household Travel Behavior"
paper for the 8th World McGuckin Conference on Transportation Research, University of Antwerp, Belgium 2001 to 1969 U.S.
Department of U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Efficiency and Energy Renewable Energy Program. "Fact of
the Week: Number of Household Vehicles Has Grown Significantly" Vehicle
Technologies Program, Fact of the Week #301. January 5, 2004. MPO 1990 David Levinson et.al. David Levinson and Ajay Kumar. "Is
Residential Density a MNCPCC Transportation Issue?" Maryland-National Capital Park
and Planning Commission, Submitted to Urban
Studies on May 26, 1993 1995 MPO in NY Poughkeepsie-Duchess County Transportation
Council. Unified Planning Work Program
2002-2003 March 28,2002. 2001 Plachcinski, Doug Business Travel Statistics, Clair County
Coastal Communities Land Use Guide: Planning News
Article. November 13, 2003. Newspaper 1990 Rocky Moretti, TRIPNET.ORG 1990 Stephen C. Fehr "In a Congested Era, Its Women Behind
the Wheel" Washington Post, August 11, 1992 1990 Stephen C. Fehr Stephen C. Fehr. Auto Fleet is Aging, Signaling Hazards Ahead.
Washington Post, 8/29/94 1995 Wald, M. L Wald, M. L. Man Is Being Lapped by His Machine. New York Times. September 21, 1997. 1995 Baltimore Sun Baltimore Sun.. Number of Cars in the United States now Equals the number of drivers. 9/21/1997. 1995 Barlow, J. Barlow, J.
Commuting isn't always a turnoff.
Houston Chronicle.
March 17, 1998.
Other Non-transportation 2001 The Robert Wood "America’s Growing Numbers: Inactivity and Obesity" Johnson Foundation Research
Entities 1969-77 AASHTO 1990 Ball, W. L. et. Al Ball, W. L., York, M. P., Dieringer, S.,
and Hartmann, M. Demographic & Commuting Trends in
Florida. Center for Urban Transportation Research, University
of South Florida. February 1994. 1990 Center for Urban Center for Urban Transportation
Research. NPTS Transportation
Research, demographics and travel behavior: A Comparison of Florida USF and the United States. Center for Urban Transportation Research, College of Engineering,
University of South Florida.
January 1993. 1990 Urban Mobility Urban Mobility Corporation. The Aging of the U.S. Vehicle Corporation. Fleet. Innovation
Briefs, Volume 5, October 1994. 1995 Fisher, C Fisher, C. The Not-So-Great American Road Trip. Dow Jones and Company,
Incorporated . American Demographics. 05/1997 19.
5. pp 43- 48 1995 Urban Transportation NPTS Results Released, September 26, 1997. Monitor, Vol 11, 18 1995 Ross, C; Dunning, A. Ross, C; Dunning, A. Land Use Transportation Interaction: An Examination of the 1995 NPTS Data. Conference title: Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
Symposium. February 1999. 1995 World Resources Institute. World
Resources Institute. World Resources 1996- 97 A Guide to the Global Environment. United Nations Environment Programme, United
Nations Development Programme, and The World Bank. State
DOT 1990 Wisconsin Department of Wisconsin Department of Transportation.
Impacts of Transportation. Highway Facility Improvements On Travel and Regional Development. Division of Planning and Budget. January 1994. Special
Population Groups
ElderlyChildren's IssuesRace, Ethnicity, And GenderSPECIAL POPULATION GROUPS NPTS
data is the backbone of analyses on elderly issues, Children’s issues, and Race
and Gender studies. Elderly ·
The 2001 NHTS data are
used to examine trends and travel pattern of older drivers age 70 and over.
Some NPTS findings include: (1) Over 1 in 5 people in the United States aged 65
and older do not drive. (2) Over 1/2 of these individuals stay home on a
particular day because they do not have transportation options. ·
1995 NPTS data were
used to identify personal and community characteristics measured by the survey
that are associated with trip making among the non-driving population of age 75
and older. ·
NPTS data were used to
show that the elderly are the fastest growing component of the U.S. population
and the very old are the fastest growing component of the elderly. Most elderly
people today are drivers and over three fourths live in low density suburban or
non-metropolitan places - places where the use of the private car is either
encouraged or absolutely necessary. ·
Results of the 2001
survey showed that older Americans travel extensively and rely on personal
vehicles as heavily as their younger counterparts. Older Americans conduct 89%
of their travel in personal vehicles, and tend to be less mobile in that they
take fewer trips, travel shorter distances, and have shorter travel times. This
pattern is even more pronounced among older women, who are also more likely to
suffer from self-reported medical conditions further limiting their travel. ·
Older men and women
take long-distance trips at about the same rates and show a strong preference
for using personal vehicles. And, while men and women take an equal percentage
of their trips by air, older women show a strong preference for bus travel. ·
The 1995 NPTS data were used to establish the
number of adults age 65 and older who possess a current driver’s license
as well as their travel trends. Children's issues ·
1995 NPTS data were used
to know how the key attributes of how
sprawl (low residential density and extensive travel in private
vehicles) affects poor children and their families in comparison with the
general U.S. population. The findings show that urban sprawl has allowed those
who are able to travel extensively greater economic opportunities. Poor
families with children are shown to own fewer vehicles, travel more by walking
and public transit, and make shorter trips than households generally. ·
The 2001 NHTS
data were examined to determine private
vehicle travel patterns of children age 5 and under. The data showed a sharp decline in children
who walk or bike to school. ·
1995 NPTS data and
FARS data to determine the impacts on safety and economics of prohibiting
children age 15 and under from riding in the back of pickup trucks. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used to examine how travel behavior changes as teenagers age. Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Based
primarily on the series of NPTS, a body of literature on travel by people of
color has evolved to better understand how Americans of all ethnic backgrounds
are using our transportation systems today and to generate ideas to improve
transportation mobility. The topics
include race, inequality, and travel patterns; demographics; commuting;
residential location; mode choice; and gender differences. ·
1995 NPTS was used to
examine trip chaining behavior of adult men and women traveling Monday through
Friday. ·
1995 NPTS data were
used to compare travel characteristics of women 40 - 49 with women 75 and older
and men 75 and older. The purpose was to
estimate the impact of an aging population on vehicle ownership and Vehicle
Miles Traveled. ·
The 1995 NPTS data
were used in conjunction with the ATS survey, Consumer Expenditure (CES) survey
and the Bureau of the census to examine the relationship between race,
ethnicity and consumer culture as it
relates to travel. ·
1990 NPTS data were
used during the 1997 African American Mobility Issues - Forging the Dream, a
symposium to discuss travel trends in general and to compare travel trends of
African Americans to the general population. ·
1990 and 1983 NPTS
data were used to study travel trends of Blacks in the United States. ·
NPTS data allowed a
comprehensive look at mobility and mode choice behavior of people of color for
their non-work travel. Travel by people of color is of strong policy interest
because it is a growing and changing share of the total travel market and is
expected to continue to grow much faster than overall travel well into the next
century. ·
1995 Data were used to
examine vehicle ownership characteristics among those households which are
below the poverty line. ·
1990 Nationwide
Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) was used in order to identify and
evaluate the differences, if any, in the travel behavior of women in different
household and family settings today. As women obtain jobs, increase their
income, and acquire licenses they drive longer and use the car for more of
their trips, just as men in the paid labor force have traditionally done.
However, because their work duties are added to their childcare and domestic
responsibilities they also exhibit markedly different patterns than working
fathers. ·
1990 NPTS was used to
examine differences in the travel behavior of women in different household and
family settings. Elderly Academia 1990 Rosenbloom, S Rosenbloom, S. Travel by the Elderly. Chapter 3, Volume I Demographic Special Reports - In: 1990 NPTS Special Reports.
Federal Highway Administration. 02/1995. 49p 1990 Chu, X. Chu, X.
The Effects of Age on the Driving Habits of the Elderly.
Report number NUTI93USF3.2.
National Urban Transit Institute, University of South
Florida. October 1994. 1990 Robert B. Schultz, "Relationships Between Highway
Accident Involvement and Auburn
University Exposure Characteristics of Elderly
Alabama Automobile Drivers.
October 1991. Doctoral
Dissertation. 1990 John Eberhard John Eberhard. Tomorrow’s Older Drivers:
Who? How Many? 1990, 1995 Sandra
Rosenbloom Sandra Rosenbloom. The Mobility Needs of
the Elderly. National Research Council. University of
Texas at Austin. June 1998.s 1995 Eberhard, John; Trilling, Eberhard, John; Trilling, Donald. The Graying of America, Donald. Safe Mobility for Life-Developing a National
Agenda: Potential Roles for CIREN in National
Agenda. This PowerPoint Presentation was presented in
Hawaii, November 2001. 1995 Harrison, A.; Ragland, D. Harrison, A.; Ragland, D. Consequences of Driving Reduction or Cessation for Older Adults.
University of California Traffic Safety Center,
Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California,
Berkeley. July 31, 2002. 1995 Okla, A. Departure Time Choice for Recreational
Activities by Elderly Non-Workers. University of Texas, Austin. November 15, 2002. 1995 Georggi, NL; Pendyala, Georggi, NL; Pendyala, RM. Analysis of
Long- RM Distance Travel Behavior of the Elderly and Low Income. Transportation Research
Board . Personal Travel: The Long and Short of It.
Transportation Research Circular. E-C026. 03/2001. pp
121-150 2001 Hargett, S. and Smith, R Hargett, S. and Smith, R. Factors
Influencing the Transportation Patterns of African
American Elderly: The Effects of Age, Gender, Household
Structure and Residential Location.
By the Morgan State University National Transportation Center, Baltimore,
Maryland. http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~ntc/Research_Projects/Comple ted_Projects/Final0102_005hargett.doc Consultant 1969, 1977, FHWA Travel Profile of older drivers and
pedestrians Federal
(DOT) 1983 NPTS NHTSA Rudolph G. Mortimer (University of
Illinois) and James C. Fell (NHTSA). Older Drivers: Their Night Fatal Crash Involvement and Risk. 32nd Annual Proceedings. Association for the Advancement Of Automotive
Medicine, Seattle, WA, September 12-14, 1998. 1990,
1995 Ruth Asin Ruth Asin, FHWA. "The Graying of
America and its Implications For Travel." September
1, 1998. 2001 Collia, DV; Sharp, J; Collia, DV; Sharp, J; Giesbrecht, L. The
2001 National Giesbrecht,
L Household Travel Survey: A Look into the Travel Patterns of Older Americans. Elsevier . Journal of Safety
Research. /2003 34. 4. pp 461-470 Federal
(Non DOT) 1983 Interagency Forum for Aging Related Statistics Research
Entities 1995 Evans, E. L. Evans,
E. L. Influences on Mobility Among Non
Driving Older Americans. I T American Association of Retired Persons. Transportation Research Board
Conference, June 28 - July 1, 1999. 1995 Edward L. Evans, AARP "Influences on Mobility Among
Non-Driving Older Americans" (Unpublished0 1995 Urban Mobility Corporation Mobility and the Elderly, Urban Mobility
Corporation. Innovation Briefs, Vol 9, No. 4 2001 Austin, RA; Faigin, BM Austin, RA; Faigin, BM.
Effect of Vehicle and Crash Factors on Older Occupants.
Elsevier . Journal of Safety Research. /2003 34. 4.
pp 441-452 2001 Bailey, L Bailey, L. Aging Americans: Stranded Without Options. Surface Transportation
Policy Project . 04/2004. 20p 2001 The Road Information The Road Information Program, "Older
Driver Fatalities on Program the Rise" Children's
issues Academia 1995 Clifton, K.J. Independent Mobility Among Teenagers: An
Exploration of Travel to After-School Activities. Urban
and Regional Planning, University of Iowa. November 18,
2002. 1995 TRB "The Relative Risks of School Travel:
A National Guidance on Local Community Risk Assessment"
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council 1995 Chu, X. Chu, X.
The Problem of Children Riding in the Back of Pickup Trucks in Florida: A Preliminary
Investigation. University of South Florida, Tampa: Center
for Urban Transportation Research. June 1999. Federal
(DOT) Maria
Vegega, NHTSA OECD Survey Form on Children’s Travel in
the US 2001 Centers for Disease Needed amount of time infants spend in the
car by race and Control
(CDC) region of residence 2001 John Fegan, NHTSA Federal
(Non DOT) 2001 U.S. Environmental Travel and Environmental Implications of
School Siting. Protection
Agency EPA 231-R-03-004 Newspaper 2001 Washington Post Shaver, Katherine. The Road Too Much
Traveled: For Many Children, Drive Time Just Keeps Going. Washington Post Staff Writer, Monday, January 27, 2003:
Page A01. 2001 Washington Post Katherine Shaver "Washington
Post" "The Road Too Much Traveled" Children's drive time keeps on increasing. Research
Entities 1995 Helling, A Helling, A. Transportation, Land Use, and
the Impacts of Sprawl on Poor Children and Families. In: Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences And Policy Responses. Urban Institute. 2002. pp 119-139 1995 Beverly Huey, NAS Beverly Huey, Report of School
Transportation Safety, March
7, 2002 Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Academia 1983, 1990, Polzin,
SE; Chu, X; Rey, Polzin, SE; Chu, X; Rey, JR. Mobility and Mode Choice of JR. People of Color for Non-Work Travel. Transportation Research Circular E-C026, Pages 391-412.
March 2001. 1990 Pickup, L Pickup, L. Housewives' Mobility And Travel
Patterns. Transport and Road Research
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