Historically, NPTS has been a primary source of data (along with the Fatal Accident Reporting System –FARS) to compute accident rates, analysis of travel risk, alcohol involvement etc. General Estimates System (GES) and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), do not contain information on driver or vehicle exposure. In order to obtain appropriate exposure data estimates of vehicle miles driven (VMD) by different drivers using the NPTS are combined with annual crash rates and injury severity information from the GES for a comprehensive assessment of overall risk to different drivers across vehicle classes.

Some of the uses shown in the appendix are highlighted here:

· The use of 1977 NPTS along with data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) to examine travel risks of males vs. females by age group. Similarly, the 1983 NPTS was used in conjunction with the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), driver’s license files and population surveys to calculate alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes.

· The use of NPTS to determine whether the presence of passengers is associated with an increased risk of crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers and whether the risk varies by time of day and age and sex of drivers and passengers.

· The use of 1990 NPTS in conjunction with crash data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the 1990 General Estimates System (GES) to produce crash involvement rates per vehicle-mile. Similarly, the 2001 NHTS data were used to estimate exposure for pedestrians in a fatality risk assessment.

· Development of Survey Frame for Field Operational test: The use of 2001 NHTS data to develop sample recruitment (representative sample of drivers) to conduct a field operational test using passenger vehicles equipped with two automotive technologies.

Traffic Safety

Academia

1983 Mortimer, R. G., Fell, Mortimer, R. G., and Fell, J. C. Older Drivers: Their Night

J. C. Fatal Crash Involvement and Risk. Accident Analysis and

Prevention. Volume 21, number 3. June 1989.

1983 Fell, J. C. Fell, J. C. Alcohol Involvement Rates in Fatal Crashes: A

Focus on Young Drivers and Female Drivers. American

Association for Automotive Medicine: Proceedings of the

31st Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana.

September 1987.

1990 Massie, D. L. et.al Massie, D. L., Campbell, K. L., and Williams, A. F.

Involvement Rates by Driver Age and Gender Based on the

1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. HS-041

722. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. 1993.

1990 Robert B. Schultz, Relationships Between Highway Accident Involvement and

Auburn University Exposure Characteristics of Elderly Alabama Automobilt

Drivers. October 1991.

1990 Massie, D. L. and Massie, D. L. and Campbell, K. L. Analysis of Accident

Campbell, K. L Rates by Age, Gender, and Time-of-Day Based on the 1990

Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. UMTRI-93-7.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1993.

1995 Young-Jun Kweon, Kara Y Kweon, K. M. Kockelman. Overall Injury Risk

M. Kockelman To Different Drivers: Combining Exposure, Frequency, And

Severity Models. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35

(2003) 441–450.

1995 Lee, B.H.; Schofer, J.L Lee, B.H.; Schofer, J.L. Restraint Use and Age and Sex

Characteristics of Persons Involved in Fatal Motor Vehicle

Crashes. Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern

University, Evanston, IL. November 13, 2002.

1995 Gabor, K. and Baker, S. Gabor, K. and Baker, S. P. John Hopkins University press

P. release June 1998.

1995 Chen LH, Baker SP, Chen LH, Baker SP, Braver ER, Li GH. Carrying

Braver ER, Li GH. Passengers as A Risk Factor For Crashes Fatal to 16 and 17

Year-Old Drivers. Journal of the American Medical

Association. 283: (12) 1578-1582, March 22, 2000.

Federal (DOT)

1977 Carsten, O. Carsten, O. Use of the Nationwide Personal Transportation

Study to Calculate Exposure. Highway Safety Research

Institute Research Review, Volume 11. Number 6. Highway

Safety Research Institute. May 1981.

1983 NHTSA Rudolph G. Mortimer (University of Illinois) and James C.

Fell (NHTSA). Older Drivers: Their Night Fatal Crash

Involvement and Risk. 32nd Annual Proceedings.

Association for the Advancement Of Automotive Medicine,

Seattle, WA, September 12-14, 1998.

1990 U.S. Department of U.S. DOT. What do Traffic Crashes

Transportation. Cost? DOT HS 808 478. January 1996.

1990 Blatt, J. and Furman, S. Blatt, J. and Furman, S. M. Residence Location of Drivers

M. Involved in Fatal Crashes. National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration.

1990 NHTSA NHTSA. Female Drivers in Fatal Crashes: Recent Trends.

September 1993, Washington D.C.

1995 Campbell, KL; Joksch, Campbell, KL; Joksch, HC; Blower, D; Kostyniuk, LP;

HC; Blower, D; Pendleton, OJ; Griffin, LI, III. Sources Of Exposure

Kostyniuk, Lp; Pendleton, Data For Safety Analysis. University of Michigan

OJ; Griffin, LI, III Transp Research Institute Texas Transportation

Institute Federal Highway Administration . UMTRI-96-17.

1996.

1995 Cerrelli, E. C., NHTSA Cerrelli, E. C. National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. January

1998.

1995 NHTSA, Research Note Crash Data and Rates for Age-Sex Groups of Drivers,

1996; National Center for Statistics and Analysis,

Washington D.C., January 1998.

2001 Butler Maura, NHTSA NHTSAs Standard Breifing Package for Older Drivers

1990 Cerrelli, E. C. Cerrelli, E. C. Crash Data and Rates for Age-Sex Groups of

Drivers, 1990. HS-041 357. National Center for Statistics

and Analysis. National Highway Traffic Administration.

May 1992.

Federal (Non DOT)

2001 Beverly Ross, GAO Report to Congress Summarizing Literature on Accident

Causation

Research Entities

2001 Chu, Xuehao, CUTR Chu, Xuehao. A Time-Based Comparative Approach to

Understanding the Danger of Walking in the United States.

Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of

South Florida. July 2003.

1983 International Technical

Affairs, MVMA

1990 Baltes, M. R Baltes, M. R. Descriptive Analysis of Crashes Involving

Pedestrians in Florida 1990 - 1994. Center for Urban

Transportation Research, University of South Florida.

1990 Insurance Institute for Crash Problem on a Per Mile Basis. Status Report.Insurance

Highway Safety Institute for Highway Safety September 5, 1992

1995 Committee on School Committee on School Transportation Safety. The Relative

Transportation Safety Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and

Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment.

Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

National Academy Press, Washington D.C. July 2002.

1995 Transportation Research Transportation Research Board. The Relative Risks of

Board School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for

Local Community Risk Assessment. Committee on School

Transportation Safety, Transportation Research Board

Special Report 269, 2002.

2001 Flores-Guri, Daniel. CAFE Standards, Vehicle Size and Highway Fatalities.

Skidmore College. 2003.

Congestion

Travel Behavior

Travel Model

Travel Time Issues/Congestion

Commuting

Economy/Sprawl

CONGESTION

NPTS data are widely used across the nation to analyse travel behavior, build travel models, commuting, travel time, mobility, economy and sprawl issues.

Travel Behavior

1995 NPTS data were used to examine the most important socioeconomic variations in urban travel behavior.

· 1990 NPTS data were used to examine trip duration and frequency in comparison to activity duration and frequency to show arguments in favor or activity based models.

· 1990 NPTS travel data were used to justify a non-motorized transportation plan in Pierce County based on the large percentage of trips of five miles or less.

· NPTS data were used to examine the relationship between land-use patterns and individual mobility from a comparative international perspective.

· NPTS data provided evidence to show that in U.S. cities suburbanization has been the dominant and successful mechanism for coping with traffic congestion. Suburbanization has shifted road and highway demand to less-congested routes and away from core areas, leading to contained areawide average speeds.

Travel Model

· NPTS data were used to examine the travel behavior and related characteristics of multiworker households (MWHs) (defined as households with at least two workers) and how they contribute to the ever-increasing demand for transportation services.

· 1995 NPTS data were used for empirical estimation of model parameters in developing a model of prework trip making and home departure time choice.

· The 2001 NHTS data were used to examine the full range of travel characteristics which were used as a comparison to Florida travel statistics.

· NPTS and NHTS are considered as data sources for forecasting future travel and land needs.

· Many metropolitan planning organizations across the United States have embraced transit-oriented development (TOD) as their regional planning paradigm.

· NPTS (No specified year) data were used to provide time-of-day travel data by trip purpose as well as information on peak travel.

· The 1995 NPTS data were used to investigate the influence of workplace employment density and share of retail employment on VMT to assess personal commercial activities.

· 1990 NPTS data were used to expand the Connecticut Department of Transportation’s person forecasting model to estimate peak period link volumes.

· Vehicle Miles of Travel Data were used from previous NPTS and the 2001 NHTS as the basis for predicting several input components for modeling and forecasting future VMT.

Travel time issues/congestion

· The 1969 and 2001 NHTS data were used to show that there has been an increase in discretionary travel.

· 1990 NPTS data were used to support the argument that a disproportionate amount of emphasis is being placed on the reduction of work trips and on fixed rail.

· 1990, 1983, and 1977 NPTS surveys were used to make the case that suburbanization has been the most successful factor in alleviating traffic congestion.

· 1990 NPTS was used to show that traffic congestion is getting worse as a result of the increase in travel as well as other factors such as the change in household structure. People are working much more over the last 40 years, shopping somewhat more on the weekends, and staying at home less.

· The 1995 NPTS data were used to examine the effects of adding road capacity by increasing travel speed as it relates to discretionary and non-discretionary activities of workers and nonworkers.

· 1990 NPTS data were used in a Transportation Research Board Special Report to show that motorists receive free parking for 99% of all motor trips. This report suggests that charging motorists for the use of roads should be considered to help alleviate traffic congestion.

Commuting

· 1983 and 1977 NPTS surveys were used to examine peak travel times.

· The 1995 NPTS data were used to establish the average one way commute distance in the U.S. and also the daily per capita PMT for people between 21 and 65 years of age.

· 1990 NPTS was used to examine transit service levels, travel and parking behavior in the U.S., and the effect of parking regulation by cities.

· 1990 NPTS data were used to estimate the effects of transit service and parking charges on commuter mode choice.

· The 1995 NPTS data were used for analysis purposes in terms of traffic demand management which attempts to improve air quality, mobility and reduce congestion.

· Analyzing the 1983-1990 growth of almost 40% in U.S. vehicle miles traveled (VMT), Pisarski shows that much of it is accounted for by a 35.9% jump in average vehicle trip lengths (the other contributors being population growth, decline in vehicle occupancy, mode shifts to privately operated vehicles, and increased trips per capita). Yet, most of the work trip VMT growth was explained by the almost 27% growth in average distance traveled (from 8.6 to 10.9 miles, one-way). In spite of this and depending on how the data are aggregated, average work trip durations either fell slightly or grew by much smaller percentages than distances. Either way, there were significant increases in average trip speeds. This casts doubt on reports of worsening congestion, such as those emanating from the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI).

Economy/Sprawl

· Based on indirect experience that the largest MSAs have the largest portion of noncentral city work ends, the author associated a variety of work trips with a polycentric urban form thesis. They claim that a decentralized settlement pattern is not necessarily uneconomical.

Travel Behavior

Academia

1999 Levinson, DM. Levinson, DM. Space, Money, Life-Stage, and Allocation

of Time. Journal: Transportation. Volume 26, Issue 2,

Pages 141 -171. May, 1999.

1995 Niemeier,D Niemeier,D; Redmond, L; Morey, J; Hicks, J; Hendren, P;

Lin, J; Foresman, E; Zheng,Y. Bricka, S. Variations in

Long-Distance Travel. Transportation Research Circular.

Pages 197-206. March 2001.